Distribution of Wealth in the Jian and Hindu Religions Research Paper

Dissemination of Wealth in the Jian and Hindu Religions - Research Paper Example Various religions have their own arrangement of standards, morals, and blessed narratives that characterizes and clarify how the life and universe appeared and the criticalness of life for a person. A significant number of the religions and their conviction frameworks have picked up the acknowledgment by the universe, however it can't go under thought for the incalculable religions that exist on the planet today. A considerable lot of the religions have characterized themselves in sacerdotal progressive systems; have set organized practices for their individuals, where one ought to give himself in the acts of the religion and should respect and give regard for their petitions and the perfect spots. Messages, celebrations, memorial service functions, contemplation, wedding customs, social qualities like craftsmanship, move, and music are for the most part segments that make up a religion. Various societies follow various qualities as certain religions give more significance to their religions and convictions while others feature the part of training, along these lines the marvel of religion has taken different encapsulations. Religions even concentration and give high significance to the encounters and the activities of the profound pioneers alongside the episodes that happened in their occasions. It has been a perception that a religion likewise plays a lot of significance and goes under unio n with government, established and administrative rankings. Albeit today, the world is living in mechanical and logical period, still, religion has a noteworthy and basic influence in one’s life as it has achieved the focal point of a person because of the explanation that it spins around human’s life constantly. Individual will in general respond in a quiet and peaceful route to their issues and individual fiascos and fiascoes as religion and its training furnishes an individual with the help of their concerns/disasters. One can shape and improve their character, character, and social practices in a culture or country through a source that goes under religion. Another significant part of religion is that it helps in creating and controlling self control in youthful age as they experience various changes around and inside them. Religion likewise educates to have confidence in God and avoid the bothersome demonstrations that may make hurt them. As pretty much every reli gion has a fundamental discovering that instructs us to keep up harmony in the general public and world and to have regard for all, however once in a while the strict disparities may prompt carnage, fights and biasness or unreasonable medicines. Religion is a wellspring of impact and has a great deal of matchless quality in it, which can bring individuals of different condition, environmental factors, and societies under one rooftop for love. With the various religions rehearsed all over world, Hinduism and Jainism are one of them that go under training by the network of Indian subcontinent. The acts of Indian religions including Hinduism and Jainism include ideas of dharma, karma, rebirth, mantras, vantras, position, and darsana. Hinduism is an antiquated, primitive and probably the greatest religion rehearsed in the subcontinent. The idea of karma goes under application in the crucial traditions, ordinary standards, and the wedding services of the Hindus. Hinduism is a religion th at contains plentiful of various ways of thinking of dharma and the significant writings and sagas that are vital concerning their convictions incorporates â€Å"Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads and Puranas† (Das, pp. 5-45). The separated parts of this religion additionally remember the conviction of Hindus for rebirth that is

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 16

Research Paper Example e vocation government workers are utilized in a stage insightful framework that has the most minimal (section) level government worker at grade 9 and most significant level government employees at grade 1. The agreement government employees are utilized on particular occupations that see their work fired once the details of the agreement have been met (Choi and Park 2013, pp. 12-13). In Japan, the national common help is answerable for all government worker jobs. When utilized in a service, a worker will stay with a similar service until their business is ended. Moves between services is exceptionally phenomenal. A government worker is progressed specifically yet in the limits of rank with the end goal that the senior faculty have need regarding advancement. In all actuality, the real retirement age for government employees is 55 years old yet a ‘amakudari’ style of re-business framework has been embraced by Japan’s common help in which resigned laborers are re-assimilated over into the workforce as a feature of the lifetime business framework utilized in the nation. The suggestion is that amakudari is a fundamental arrangement of the lifetime business framework where laborers are committed to leave work environment before they reach of the proper retirement age. The framework gives low pay rates to government employees, when coordinated to pa y rates of a similar age accomplice in the private segment. Amakudari is an issue of incredible hugeness and one that has gotten combative. Every service runs autonomous of the others and focal government to such an extent that; each priest is relied upon to hold up under the duty and that even the executive can't immediate other ministers’ business; and a portion of the center government services were made before the present constitution was proclaimed. The nearby governments utilize 75 percent of every single government worker while the focal government utilizes the staying 25 percent (Hood and Guy 2003, pp. 38-42; Institute of Administrative Management 2001, pp. 21-26). The British common help

Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 07, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Comparison Changes in Intelligence Improving Intelligence View All Back To Top When you think about intelligence, what sort of things comes to mind? Intelligence is more than simply the accumulation of facts. It also encompasses the ability to learn new things as well. So when you think of intelligence, you might think of having a lot of knowledge about different subjects. But you also might consider quick thinking and the ability to reason. Such factors represent what psychologists refer to as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason and think flexibly. Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life. People often claim that their intelligence seems to decline as they age. However, research suggests that while fluid intelligence begins to decrease after adolescence, crystallized intelligence continues to increase throughout adulthood.?? Psychologist  Raymond Cattell first proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence and further developed the theory with his student John Horn. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence. Verywell / Emily Roberts Fluid Intelligence Cattell defined fluid intelligence as the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships. Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with  problem-solving strategies. This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to solve problems and reason about things independent of previously existing knowledge.?? When you encounter an entirely new problem that cannot be solved with your existing knowledge, you must rely on fluid intelligence to solve it. Fluid intelligence tends to decline during late adulthood. Certain cognitive skills associated with fluid intelligence tend to decline as people reach later adulthood. Crystallized Intelligence Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences.?? Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger. As you might expect, this type of intelligence tends to increase with age.?? The more learning and experience you have, the more you build up your crystallized intelligence. Differences and Interrelationship Does one of these factors tend to be more important? Both factors of intelligence are equally important in everyday life. For example, when taking a psychology exam, you might need to rely on fluid intelligence to come up with a strategy to solve a statistics problem, while you must also employ crystallized intelligence to recall the exact formulas you need to use. Fluid intelligence along with its counterpart, crystallized intelligence, are both factors of what Cattell referred to as general intelligence.?? While fluid intelligence involves our current ability to reason and deal with complex information around us, crystallized intelligence involves learning, knowledge, and skills that are acquired over a lifetime. Despite its name, crystallized intelligence is not a form of fluid intelligence that has become crystallized. Instead, the two facets of  general intelligence  are considered separate and distinct. With that being said, fluid and crystallized intelligence are intertwined. Crystallized intelligence is formed through the investment of fluid intelligence when information is learned. By using fluid intelligence to reason and think about problems, the information can then be transferred to long-term memory so that it can become part of crystallized intelligence. Changes in Intelligence Fluid and crystallized intelligence tend to change throughout life, with certain  mental abilities peaking at different points. Fluid intelligence has long been believed to peak quite early in life, but research published in 2015 suggests that some aspects of fluid intelligence may peak as late as age 40.?? Crystallized intelligence does tend to peak later in life, hitting its apex around age 60 or 70. Some things to remember about fluid and crystallized intelligence: Both types of intelligence increase throughout childhood and adolescence.Many aspects of fluid intelligence peak in adolescence and begin to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.Crystallized intelligence continues to grow throughout adulthood. Improving Intelligence Crystallized intelligence is clearly something that can be improved through learning. The more accumulated knowledge you have, the more crystallized intelligence you will possess. So if you are interested in improving this aspect of intelligence, furthering your education either formally or informally is something that will help. Until recently, fluid intelligence was something that was believed to be set in stone. Recent research suggests that brain training may improve certain aspects of fluid intelligence even in older adults. Past research on intelligence suggested that people really didnt have much control over their intelligence at all. Instead, it was believed that our IQ was largely determined by genetics and that training programs aimed at increasingly IQ tended to have limited effectiveness. By contrast, an analysis of previous studies publishes in 2014 found that it is possible to improve fluid intelligence with brain training.?? Where long-term memory is focused on storing facts and information over long periods of time, working memory is a form of short-term memory centered on what you are currently thinking about. Working memory is important because it involves not only being able to store information for a brief period of time but also the ability to mentally manipulate that information. It makes sense, therefore, that training a person on a specific working memory task would improve performance on that specific task. What the researchers discovered, however, was that the training also increased unrelated cognitive skills, including the ability to reason and solve new problems totally independent of previously acquired knowledge. In essence, with training, a person may be able to engage the abstraction of thoughts and ideas as readily as applying knowledge-based reasoning. A Word From Verywell Study participants usually engage in intensive and difficult brain training tasks over relatively short periods of time. This doesnt mean the same techniques cant be applied to your own life. The principles are the same. Seek out new challenges. Gains in intelligence dont come from sticking to the same old routines. Keep exploring new things in life and keep learning new things. Tackle learning a new language. Take piano lessons. Visit a new country and learn about the people and culture. All of these types of activities keep your brain engaged, challenged, and focused on learning new things in new ways. Seeking new knowledge helps build your crystallized intelligence over time, but challenging yourself with new experiences can improve your fluid intelligence as well. How Genetics and Environment Influence Intelligence

Choosing A Presidential Candidate The Future President...

Generally there are several key positions voters focus on when selecting a presidential candidate. Whether they release it or not, macroeconomics take a key in their thoughts by defining candidates based on positions of unemployment, income, and inflation. Many believe that voter support is based on differentiating viewpoints of past, present, and future economic conditions. For the most part, voters position themselves on one side or the other of the same coin. There is one side of the coin that is largely concerned with what the incumbent will personally do for them; the other side focuses on what the future president will do for the country. Donald R. Kinder and D. Roderick Kiewiet refer to the first group as pocketbook voters (Kinder Kiewiet, 1981, p. 130). In the British Journal of Political Science, they further state that these citizens â€Å"support candidates and parties that have advanced their economic interest and oppose candidates and parties that appear to threa ten them.† The other side of the coin represents what Kinder Kiewiet refer to as sociotropic voters. These citizens are â€Å"influenced most of all by the country’s pocketbook, not their own† (Kinder Kiewiet, 1981, p. 132). In Sociotropic Politics: The American Case, Kinder and Kiewiet further explain sociotropic judgments to be: â€Å"assessments of recent trends in general business conditions; evaluations of how well the government was management economic problems; and which party was more competentShow MoreRelatedPresidential Election : Electoral College1647 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of U.S. presidential elections, the Electoral College has held the responsibility of choosing the nation’s next president. With 538 electors in the Electoral College, presidential candidates must win a majority of 270 votes from states across the U.S. to have victory in the general election. Forty-eight out of fifty states hold winner-take-all electio ns, which means that the candidate that wins the majority in each individual state wins the entirety of that state’s electoral votesRead MorePresidential Election : American Citizens Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn the upcoming 2016 presidential election, American citizens are not only choosing a candidate to become the next president and the leader of the United States, America is voting on a specific direction on many controversial topics that will become the foundation and future of this country. There are two very opposing candidates, Republican, Donald Trump, and Democrat, Hillary Clinton. Many people believe that this election is coming down to choosing between the lesser evil. However, Hillary Clinton’sRead MoreShould We Eliminate The Electoral College?1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Electoral College? The validity and necessity of the Electoral College has been questioned approximately since it was formed in the Constitution. Many different events in history, such as the president having a vice president from the opposite party, and the electoral college electing a president that didn’t win the popular vote has caused this to be an area of controversy. After looking into the origin of this system, how it works, and societal and technological changes that have occurred inRead MoreAnalysis Of A Time For Choosing By Ronald Reagan1327 Words   |  6 PagesReagan Declaring for President in 1964 Just over two years before Ronald Reagan competed in his first statewide or national office, the former actor gave a speech in support of a doomed presidential candidate, Senator Barry Goldwater. This speech had little effect on 1964 presidential election. 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For this reason, everyone in the U.S., including the government, must find a proper model that can guide America in the right direction. ThereRead MorePresidential Candidates : A Presidential Candidate Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesA presidential candidate is very similar to an actor. They both perform through employing various strategies around their body language, tone, and diction to grab the attention of the audience or voters. Their performance creates an impression on the viewer, which for the candidate, is very critical to his election outcome. Therefore, candidates prepare for every debate and public appearance to create a certain impression to try and entice the voters. However, when a candidate prepares for a debateRead MorePolitical Parties Are Helpful, Or Even Healthy 1692 Words   |  7 Pages For over 200 years people have argued about whether or not political parties are helpful, or even healthy. In 1879 during his farewell address the first president of the united states of American George Washington warned that†¦.† The common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it†. Even with all the controversy that surrounds, the American two-party- system hasn’t faulted, from challenges of thirdRead MoreThe Ideal President1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ideal President We as humans tend to look for a leader to guide us. This leader has been present since the beginnings of time in the form of a dominating male. Times change and we no longer look for a dominating male, but for someone that can help us meet our needs and necessities. We no longer look at physical strength or dexterity to choose our leader; we look at their values and mental capacity. We look for a leader that has integrity, intelligence, morality, courage, competence, conviction

09 Marriage And Kinship 1 - 2464 Words

Marriage, Family, And Residence†¨ : What Are The Possibilities? Introducing Cultural Anthropology, Roberta Edwards Lenkeit (Chapter 7)  © Plush Studios/Blend Images/Getty Images MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND RESIDENCE: WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES? Note that the scarves of the bride and groom are tied together. This joining of scarves symbolizes their eternal bond in this traditional Hindu wedding.  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND RESIDENCE: WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES? Diagramming Kingship Marriage Rules Marriage Forms and Functions Mate Choice and Marriage Finance Family Residence Patterns Summary  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved DIAGRAMMING KINSHIP Kinship diagrams are a†¦show more content†¦but, It is not the most preferred: Monogamy is the ideal and preferred form of marriage in only 81 cultures out of a sample 400cultures. (1967 survey) As a result of divorce or death, many individuals in monogamous societies will be in a series of monogamous marriages over the course of their lives. (This is sometimes referred to as a serial monogamy) POLYGAMY Polygamy means multiple spouses and does not distinguish between these two marriage types.†¨  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Polygamy refers to marriage in which there is more than one spouse(poly means many, and gamy means marriage), It is a word that the media use, but it is a poor choice because it does not indicate wether there are many husbands or many wives. Polygyny is a marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry is a marriage of one woman to two or more men.  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved polygyny - Cross cultural research indicates that this is the preferred form of marriage in 314 cultures out of 400(79%). This research surveyed societies with populations numbering in the millions as well as those with populations of fewer than 100, so keep in mind that the percentage of cultures practicing a custom is not the same as the number of people worldwide who practice the custom. many societies have cultural rules that permit marrying multiple partners, but, economic realities often interfere with a man’s ability to have multipleShow MoreRelatedGrowth And Performance Of MSME In A Comparative Study1668 Words   |  7 Pagesand Assam respectively, are dependent on each other for its everyday economic and social activity. The later district has more positive growth of MSMEs with far more better performance. Key Words: Growth, Performance, Development, MSMEs, Employment. 1. INTRODUCTION: The growth in an economy can be defined as increase in real per-capita income which means income per head of an economy for a given period of time. 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Aggression and aggressive behaviour Free Essays

Aggression can be found across civilizations and gender. Aggressive behavior is either to injure another, to derive something for the attacker, or to ensue in both hurt and immaterial additions ( Zirpoli, 2008 ) . It is normally assumed that work forces are more aggressive than female. We will write a custom essay sample on Aggression and aggressive behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now As it can observed in our day-to-day life, the inclination for work forces ‘s engagement in competitory athleticss such as utmost games, the military, and the unsafe work is far higher than adult females. We know that aggression is an emotional energy. Both male and female need a certain degree of aggression in their working or analyzing life to accomplish their ends. When adult females and work forces work together in a squad, work forces frequently are more aggressive and dominate mixed-gender squads. For illustration, a company manager place is normally denominated by work forces. It should observe that there are besides adult females taking a company but the proportion is non that high comparison to work forces. On the other manus, adult females are less prone to self-assertion and more prone to compromise. They are more likely to work towards keeping relationships among team members every bit good as advocator for group harmoniousness. This may propose that male has a high emotional intelligence to move sharply in prosecuting their ends. Harmonizing to our study, findings show that male is more aggressive. For illustration, for the inquiry of â€Å" Male or female are more aggressive? â€Å" , one of the replies suggests that male is more aggressive for the ground that they have their natural inherent aptitude in them called self-importance which sometimes causes them to be more competitory. However, we besides found the contradiction during the interview subdivision with Ms. Alice. Harmonizing to her, adult females can be aggressive and it may be chiefly based on their civilization, household background. If a adult female were populating under tough environment, they can be aggressive than a adult male who is populating in comfort zone. She will endeavor really hard in their work to purse for a better life in their hereafter. Zirpoli, T.J. ( 2008 ) . Modeled aggressive behaviour. Education.com. An Education A ; Child Development Site for Parents. Parenting A ; Educational Resource. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.com/reference/article/aggressive-behavior/ Life anticipation â€Å" Life anticipation is an mean figure of old ages that a individual can anticipate to populate in â€Å" full wellness † by taking into history old ages lived in less than full wellness due to disease and/or hurt † ( â€Å" Healthy life, † n.d. ) . Life anticipation can fall due to many factors such as disease, accident, war, dearth and so on. On the contrary, betterment in lifestyle, wellness and public assistance can increase life anticipation. Historical information shows that females have lived longer than males in virtually every state in the universe. Harmonizing to Rosenberg ( 2010 ) , presently the universe broad life anticipation for female life is 66 old ages but for male is 62.7 old ages, a difference of more than 3 old ages. Life anticipation can be affected by emphasis through unhealthy effects of emphasis on human organic structure over the long-run. A research done by Katyal and Awasthi ( 2005 ) found that females tend to hold higher emotional intelligence than males. The possible grounds might be due to the fact that females be given to be more emotional and confidant in relationship as compared to males, so their emotional intelligence ought to be higher than that of females. This suggests that female is more intelligence in stress direction. For illustration, females are likely to shout out and talk out whenever they encounter trouble as a manner to live over their emphasis. Males, on the other manus, are more likely to maintain it soundless under nerve-racking status which severely affects long-run wellness. Furthermore, life styles can convey a profound consequence on life anticipation every bit good. Our determination shows that bulk of the respondents pointed out that females tend to hold a better life style comparison to males. It can be seen that the degree of intelligence in pull offing lifestyle varies among gender. Females are more intelligence in commanding their behavior to avoid holding unhealthy eating manner comparison to male. Besides, male and female have different emphasis let go ofing techniques in their unrecorded. Males tend to let go of emphasis through fume or intoxicant while females are tend to make shopping or yoga as a manner to let go of emphasis. As a consequence, we can reason that females are more intelligence in pull offing a better life style comparison to work forces and it is one of the of import grounds result in longer life span. Healthy life anticipation ( HALE ) at birth ( old ages ) . ( n.d. ) . World Health Organization. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007HALE0/en/ Rosenberg, M. ( 2010, June 14 ) . Life Expectancy – Overview of Life Expectancy. Geography Home Page – Geography at About.com. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm Katyal, S. and Awasthi, E. ( 2005 ) . Gender differences in emotional intelligence among striplings of Chandigarh. Department of Child Development, Govt. Home Science College, India. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: // hypertext transfer protocol: //www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-2-085-160-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-2-085-160-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B7MDM-4KFM64T-4 A ; _user=10 A ; _coverDate=06 % 2F30 % 2F2006 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=search A ; _origin=search A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1649821836 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000050221 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=10 A ; md5=e2370864200f8f04fc8c3b56c4b95191 A ; searchtype=a hypertext transfer protocol: //www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/10.01/WhyWomenLiveLon.html hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3979/is_200004/ai_n8881189/pg_2/ ? tag=content ; col1 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Why-Males-More-Aggressive-Than-Females/83875 hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3538/is_n4_v46/ai_n28676715/ ? tag=content ; col1 If adult females act chiefly in such conventional footing and keep backing input to continue relationships, the squad may non be able to accomplish the coveted consequences. Aggression is applied to all worlds without dividing male from female. The aim for this inquiry is to happen out whether male or female is more intelligence in endeavoring for accomplishment. In general, gender differences in behavior have been argued with the premise that males are more aggressive than females. â€Å" Aggression is the biological footing of all energy generated to prosecute any end † How to cite Aggression and aggressive behaviour, Essay examples

Theory of planned behaviour

Definition The theory of planned behaviour states that individuals’ behaviours are determined by their intentions which in turn are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms and perception of control over behaviour (Contento, 2010). Intention refers to the extent to which someone is ready to engage in certain behaviour. It refers to the likelihood that someone will engage in certain behaviour.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of planned behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the theory of planned behaviour is based on the concept that people are likely to do something if they plan to do it than if they do not. This means that intention is a key determinant on whether a certain action will be carried out. Therefore, people are certainly not likely to engage in a certain behaviour if they do not intend to. However, intention is influenced by attitudes, social norms and perceived behaviou r control (Edberg, 2009). Attitudes Attitudes are developed from a series of beliefs and they determine the value placed on the outcome of a given behaviour (Shaw, Gorely Corban, 2005). A person’s behaviour will be favourable if he or she perceives the outcome of certain behaviour to be positive, desirable, beneficial or advantageous. Conversely, unfavourable attitude refers to a case whereby, an individual perceives the outcome to be unpleasant. Hence, he or she is less likely to engage in that behaviour. For example, if a person believes that taking a lot of water will make him healthier then he is more likely to drink a lot of water (Ajzen, 2005). However, if the same person believes that taking a lot of water will make him lose his or her body shape, which he or she values, then he is less likely to take more water (Armitage Christian, 2004). Subjective Norms Apart from attitude intention is also influenced by subjective norms. Subjective norm refers to a social pressur e to engage or not to engage in a certain behaviour and is determined by normative beliefs (Wilson Kolander, 2010). Therefore, subjective norms refer to those behaviours that we perceive that the important people in our lives expect from us. The important people are those that we esteem highly who are our family members, religious leaders, healthcare providers, or friends and peers. Therefore, the subjective norms are as a result of our perceptions of the behaviours these people expect from us, and our desire to comply with the perceived expectations (Arnold, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, a first-time mother is likely to feed her child only on breast milk for a longer period if her mother and the doctors emphasize it to her. However, she is likely to breastfeed her child for a short period if these people are not concerned. (Hayden, 2009). Perceived b ehaviour control The intention to do something is determined by the extent to which he or she can control that behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour is based on volitional control of behaviour whereby a person is able to decide at will to engage or not to engage in certain behaviour. For instance, a person decides whether to take lunch or not at will (Fishbein, Ajzen Hornik 2007). However, there are times when an individual cannot control the behaviour although he or she has a high intention to engage in that behaviour. Therefore, a person is less likely to engage in a behaviour if he or she has less control over the behaviour. Conversely, the same person has a high likelihood in a certain behaviour if he or she perceives or actually has a high control over the behaviour (Glanz, Rimer Viswanath, 2008). List of references Ajzen I. (2005). Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International. Armitage, C. J. and Christian A. (2004). Planned behaviour: the relationship between human thought and action. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Arnold V. (2010). Advances in Accounting in Behavioural Research. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Contento, I. R. (2010). Nutrition Education: Linking Research, Theory, and Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of planned behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Edberg, M. C. (2009). Essential readings in health behaviour: theory and practice. London: Jones Bartlett Learning. Fishbein M., Ajzen I. and Hornik R. (2007). Prediction and change of health behaviour: applying the reasoned action approach. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge. Glanz K., Rimer, B. K. and Viswanath K. (2008). Health Behaviour and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. John Wiley and Sons. Hayden J. (2009). Introduction to health behaviour theory. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Shaw D., Gorel y T. and Corban R. (2005). Instant notes in sport and exercise psychology. New York, NY: Garland Science. Wilson R. and Kolander, C. A. (2010). Drug Abuse Prevention: A School and Community Partnership. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. This essay on Theory of planned behaviour was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.