Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 07, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Comparison Changes in Intelligence Improving Intelligence View All Back To Top When you think about intelligence, what sort of things comes to mind? Intelligence is more than simply the accumulation of facts. It also encompasses the ability to learn new things as well. So when you think of intelligence, you might think of having a lot of knowledge about different subjects. But you also might consider quick thinking and the ability to reason. Such factors represent what psychologists refer to as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason and think flexibly. Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life. People often claim that their intelligence seems to decline as they age. However, research suggests that while fluid intelligence begins to decrease after adolescence, crystallized intelligence continues to increase throughout adulthood.?? Psychologist  Raymond Cattell first proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence and further developed the theory with his student John Horn. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence. Verywell / Emily Roberts Fluid Intelligence Cattell defined fluid intelligence as the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships. Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with  problem-solving strategies. This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to solve problems and reason about things independent of previously existing knowledge.?? When you encounter an entirely new problem that cannot be solved with your existing knowledge, you must rely on fluid intelligence to solve it. Fluid intelligence tends to decline during late adulthood. Certain cognitive skills associated with fluid intelligence tend to decline as people reach later adulthood. Crystallized Intelligence Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences.?? Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger. As you might expect, this type of intelligence tends to increase with age.?? The more learning and experience you have, the more you build up your crystallized intelligence. Differences and Interrelationship Does one of these factors tend to be more important? Both factors of intelligence are equally important in everyday life. For example, when taking a psychology exam, you might need to rely on fluid intelligence to come up with a strategy to solve a statistics problem, while you must also employ crystallized intelligence to recall the exact formulas you need to use. Fluid intelligence along with its counterpart, crystallized intelligence, are both factors of what Cattell referred to as general intelligence.?? While fluid intelligence involves our current ability to reason and deal with complex information around us, crystallized intelligence involves learning, knowledge, and skills that are acquired over a lifetime. Despite its name, crystallized intelligence is not a form of fluid intelligence that has become crystallized. Instead, the two facets of  general intelligence  are considered separate and distinct. With that being said, fluid and crystallized intelligence are intertwined. Crystallized intelligence is formed through the investment of fluid intelligence when information is learned. By using fluid intelligence to reason and think about problems, the information can then be transferred to long-term memory so that it can become part of crystallized intelligence. Changes in Intelligence Fluid and crystallized intelligence tend to change throughout life, with certain  mental abilities peaking at different points. Fluid intelligence has long been believed to peak quite early in life, but research published in 2015 suggests that some aspects of fluid intelligence may peak as late as age 40.?? Crystallized intelligence does tend to peak later in life, hitting its apex around age 60 or 70. Some things to remember about fluid and crystallized intelligence: Both types of intelligence increase throughout childhood and adolescence.Many aspects of fluid intelligence peak in adolescence and begin to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.Crystallized intelligence continues to grow throughout adulthood. Improving Intelligence Crystallized intelligence is clearly something that can be improved through learning. The more accumulated knowledge you have, the more crystallized intelligence you will possess. So if you are interested in improving this aspect of intelligence, furthering your education either formally or informally is something that will help. Until recently, fluid intelligence was something that was believed to be set in stone. Recent research suggests that brain training may improve certain aspects of fluid intelligence even in older adults. Past research on intelligence suggested that people really didnt have much control over their intelligence at all. Instead, it was believed that our IQ was largely determined by genetics and that training programs aimed at increasingly IQ tended to have limited effectiveness. By contrast, an analysis of previous studies publishes in 2014 found that it is possible to improve fluid intelligence with brain training.?? Where long-term memory is focused on storing facts and information over long periods of time, working memory is a form of short-term memory centered on what you are currently thinking about. Working memory is important because it involves not only being able to store information for a brief period of time but also the ability to mentally manipulate that information. It makes sense, therefore, that training a person on a specific working memory task would improve performance on that specific task. What the researchers discovered, however, was that the training also increased unrelated cognitive skills, including the ability to reason and solve new problems totally independent of previously acquired knowledge. In essence, with training, a person may be able to engage the abstraction of thoughts and ideas as readily as applying knowledge-based reasoning. A Word From Verywell Study participants usually engage in intensive and difficult brain training tasks over relatively short periods of time. This doesnt mean the same techniques cant be applied to your own life. The principles are the same. Seek out new challenges. Gains in intelligence dont come from sticking to the same old routines. Keep exploring new things in life and keep learning new things. Tackle learning a new language. Take piano lessons. Visit a new country and learn about the people and culture. All of these types of activities keep your brain engaged, challenged, and focused on learning new things in new ways. Seeking new knowledge helps build your crystallized intelligence over time, but challenging yourself with new experiences can improve your fluid intelligence as well. How Genetics and Environment Influence Intelligence