Distribution of Wealth in the Jian and Hindu Religions Research Paper

Dissemination of Wealth in the Jian and Hindu Religions - Research Paper Example Various religions have their own arrangement of standards, morals, and blessed narratives that characterizes and clarify how the life and universe appeared and the criticalness of life for a person. A significant number of the religions and their conviction frameworks have picked up the acknowledgment by the universe, however it can't go under thought for the incalculable religions that exist on the planet today. A considerable lot of the religions have characterized themselves in sacerdotal progressive systems; have set organized practices for their individuals, where one ought to give himself in the acts of the religion and should respect and give regard for their petitions and the perfect spots. Messages, celebrations, memorial service functions, contemplation, wedding customs, social qualities like craftsmanship, move, and music are for the most part segments that make up a religion. Various societies follow various qualities as certain religions give more significance to their religions and convictions while others feature the part of training, along these lines the marvel of religion has taken different encapsulations. Religions even concentration and give high significance to the encounters and the activities of the profound pioneers alongside the episodes that happened in their occasions. It has been a perception that a religion likewise plays a lot of significance and goes under unio n with government, established and administrative rankings. Albeit today, the world is living in mechanical and logical period, still, religion has a noteworthy and basic influence in one’s life as it has achieved the focal point of a person because of the explanation that it spins around human’s life constantly. Individual will in general respond in a quiet and peaceful route to their issues and individual fiascos and fiascoes as religion and its training furnishes an individual with the help of their concerns/disasters. One can shape and improve their character, character, and social practices in a culture or country through a source that goes under religion. Another significant part of religion is that it helps in creating and controlling self control in youthful age as they experience various changes around and inside them. Religion likewise educates to have confidence in God and avoid the bothersome demonstrations that may make hurt them. As pretty much every reli gion has a fundamental discovering that instructs us to keep up harmony in the general public and world and to have regard for all, however once in a while the strict disparities may prompt carnage, fights and biasness or unreasonable medicines. Religion is a wellspring of impact and has a great deal of matchless quality in it, which can bring individuals of different condition, environmental factors, and societies under one rooftop for love. With the various religions rehearsed all over world, Hinduism and Jainism are one of them that go under training by the network of Indian subcontinent. The acts of Indian religions including Hinduism and Jainism include ideas of dharma, karma, rebirth, mantras, vantras, position, and darsana. Hinduism is an antiquated, primitive and probably the greatest religion rehearsed in the subcontinent. The idea of karma goes under application in the crucial traditions, ordinary standards, and the wedding services of the Hindus. Hinduism is a religion th at contains plentiful of various ways of thinking of dharma and the significant writings and sagas that are vital concerning their convictions incorporates â€Å"Mahabharata, Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Upanishads and Puranas† (Das, pp. 5-45). The separated parts of this religion additionally remember the conviction of Hindus for rebirth that is

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 16

Research Paper Example e vocation government workers are utilized in a stage insightful framework that has the most minimal (section) level government worker at grade 9 and most significant level government employees at grade 1. The agreement government employees are utilized on particular occupations that see their work fired once the details of the agreement have been met (Choi and Park 2013, pp. 12-13). In Japan, the national common help is answerable for all government worker jobs. When utilized in a service, a worker will stay with a similar service until their business is ended. Moves between services is exceptionally phenomenal. A government worker is progressed specifically yet in the limits of rank with the end goal that the senior faculty have need regarding advancement. In all actuality, the real retirement age for government employees is 55 years old yet a ‘amakudari’ style of re-business framework has been embraced by Japan’s common help in which resigned laborers are re-assimilated over into the workforce as a feature of the lifetime business framework utilized in the nation. The suggestion is that amakudari is a fundamental arrangement of the lifetime business framework where laborers are committed to leave work environment before they reach of the proper retirement age. The framework gives low pay rates to government employees, when coordinated to pa y rates of a similar age accomplice in the private segment. Amakudari is an issue of incredible hugeness and one that has gotten combative. Every service runs autonomous of the others and focal government to such an extent that; each priest is relied upon to hold up under the duty and that even the executive can't immediate other ministers’ business; and a portion of the center government services were made before the present constitution was proclaimed. The nearby governments utilize 75 percent of every single government worker while the focal government utilizes the staying 25 percent (Hood and Guy 2003, pp. 38-42; Institute of Administrative Management 2001, pp. 21-26). The British common help

Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid Intelligence vs. Crystallized Intelligence Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on December 07, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence Comparison Changes in Intelligence Improving Intelligence View All Back To Top When you think about intelligence, what sort of things comes to mind? Intelligence is more than simply the accumulation of facts. It also encompasses the ability to learn new things as well. So when you think of intelligence, you might think of having a lot of knowledge about different subjects. But you also might consider quick thinking and the ability to reason. Such factors represent what psychologists refer to as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to reason and think flexibly. Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life. People often claim that their intelligence seems to decline as they age. However, research suggests that while fluid intelligence begins to decrease after adolescence, crystallized intelligence continues to increase throughout adulthood.?? Psychologist  Raymond Cattell first proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence and further developed the theory with his student John Horn. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence. Verywell / Emily Roberts Fluid Intelligence Cattell defined fluid intelligence as the ability to perceive relationships independent of previous specific practice or instruction concerning those relationships. Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with  problem-solving strategies. This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to solve problems and reason about things independent of previously existing knowledge.?? When you encounter an entirely new problem that cannot be solved with your existing knowledge, you must rely on fluid intelligence to solve it. Fluid intelligence tends to decline during late adulthood. Certain cognitive skills associated with fluid intelligence tend to decline as people reach later adulthood. Crystallized Intelligence Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences.?? Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. As we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding, crystallized intelligence becomes stronger. As you might expect, this type of intelligence tends to increase with age.?? The more learning and experience you have, the more you build up your crystallized intelligence. Differences and Interrelationship Does one of these factors tend to be more important? Both factors of intelligence are equally important in everyday life. For example, when taking a psychology exam, you might need to rely on fluid intelligence to come up with a strategy to solve a statistics problem, while you must also employ crystallized intelligence to recall the exact formulas you need to use. Fluid intelligence along with its counterpart, crystallized intelligence, are both factors of what Cattell referred to as general intelligence.?? While fluid intelligence involves our current ability to reason and deal with complex information around us, crystallized intelligence involves learning, knowledge, and skills that are acquired over a lifetime. Despite its name, crystallized intelligence is not a form of fluid intelligence that has become crystallized. Instead, the two facets of  general intelligence  are considered separate and distinct. With that being said, fluid and crystallized intelligence are intertwined. Crystallized intelligence is formed through the investment of fluid intelligence when information is learned. By using fluid intelligence to reason and think about problems, the information can then be transferred to long-term memory so that it can become part of crystallized intelligence. Changes in Intelligence Fluid and crystallized intelligence tend to change throughout life, with certain  mental abilities peaking at different points. Fluid intelligence has long been believed to peak quite early in life, but research published in 2015 suggests that some aspects of fluid intelligence may peak as late as age 40.?? Crystallized intelligence does tend to peak later in life, hitting its apex around age 60 or 70. Some things to remember about fluid and crystallized intelligence: Both types of intelligence increase throughout childhood and adolescence.Many aspects of fluid intelligence peak in adolescence and begin to decline progressively beginning around age 30 or 40.Crystallized intelligence continues to grow throughout adulthood. Improving Intelligence Crystallized intelligence is clearly something that can be improved through learning. The more accumulated knowledge you have, the more crystallized intelligence you will possess. So if you are interested in improving this aspect of intelligence, furthering your education either formally or informally is something that will help. Until recently, fluid intelligence was something that was believed to be set in stone. Recent research suggests that brain training may improve certain aspects of fluid intelligence even in older adults. Past research on intelligence suggested that people really didnt have much control over their intelligence at all. Instead, it was believed that our IQ was largely determined by genetics and that training programs aimed at increasingly IQ tended to have limited effectiveness. By contrast, an analysis of previous studies publishes in 2014 found that it is possible to improve fluid intelligence with brain training.?? Where long-term memory is focused on storing facts and information over long periods of time, working memory is a form of short-term memory centered on what you are currently thinking about. Working memory is important because it involves not only being able to store information for a brief period of time but also the ability to mentally manipulate that information. It makes sense, therefore, that training a person on a specific working memory task would improve performance on that specific task. What the researchers discovered, however, was that the training also increased unrelated cognitive skills, including the ability to reason and solve new problems totally independent of previously acquired knowledge. In essence, with training, a person may be able to engage the abstraction of thoughts and ideas as readily as applying knowledge-based reasoning. A Word From Verywell Study participants usually engage in intensive and difficult brain training tasks over relatively short periods of time. This doesnt mean the same techniques cant be applied to your own life. The principles are the same. Seek out new challenges. Gains in intelligence dont come from sticking to the same old routines. Keep exploring new things in life and keep learning new things. Tackle learning a new language. Take piano lessons. Visit a new country and learn about the people and culture. All of these types of activities keep your brain engaged, challenged, and focused on learning new things in new ways. Seeking new knowledge helps build your crystallized intelligence over time, but challenging yourself with new experiences can improve your fluid intelligence as well. How Genetics and Environment Influence Intelligence

Choosing A Presidential Candidate The Future President...

Generally there are several key positions voters focus on when selecting a presidential candidate. Whether they release it or not, macroeconomics take a key in their thoughts by defining candidates based on positions of unemployment, income, and inflation. Many believe that voter support is based on differentiating viewpoints of past, present, and future economic conditions. For the most part, voters position themselves on one side or the other of the same coin. There is one side of the coin that is largely concerned with what the incumbent will personally do for them; the other side focuses on what the future president will do for the country. Donald R. Kinder and D. Roderick Kiewiet refer to the first group as pocketbook voters (Kinder Kiewiet, 1981, p. 130). In the British Journal of Political Science, they further state that these citizens â€Å"support candidates and parties that have advanced their economic interest and oppose candidates and parties that appear to threa ten them.† The other side of the coin represents what Kinder Kiewiet refer to as sociotropic voters. These citizens are â€Å"influenced most of all by the country’s pocketbook, not their own† (Kinder Kiewiet, 1981, p. 132). In Sociotropic Politics: The American Case, Kinder and Kiewiet further explain sociotropic judgments to be: â€Å"assessments of recent trends in general business conditions; evaluations of how well the government was management economic problems; and which party was more competentShow MoreRelatedPresidential Election : Electoral College1647 Words   |  7 PagesSince the beginning of U.S. presidential elections, the Electoral College has held the responsibility of choosing the nation’s next president. With 538 electors in the Electoral College, presidential candidates must win a majority of 270 votes from states across the U.S. to have victory in the general election. Forty-eight out of fifty states hold winner-take-all electio ns, which means that the candidate that wins the majority in each individual state wins the entirety of that state’s electoral votesRead MorePresidential Election : American Citizens Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn the upcoming 2016 presidential election, American citizens are not only choosing a candidate to become the next president and the leader of the United States, America is voting on a specific direction on many controversial topics that will become the foundation and future of this country. There are two very opposing candidates, Republican, Donald Trump, and Democrat, Hillary Clinton. Many people believe that this election is coming down to choosing between the lesser evil. However, Hillary Clinton’sRead MoreShould We Eliminate The Electoral College?1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Electoral College? The validity and necessity of the Electoral College has been questioned approximately since it was formed in the Constitution. Many different events in history, such as the president having a vice president from the opposite party, and the electoral college electing a president that didn’t win the popular vote has caused this to be an area of controversy. After looking into the origin of this system, how it works, and societal and technological changes that have occurred inRead MoreAnalysis Of A Time For Choosing By Ronald Reagan1327 Words   |  6 PagesReagan Declaring for President in 1964 Just over two years before Ronald Reagan competed in his first statewide or national office, the former actor gave a speech in support of a doomed presidential candidate, Senator Barry Goldwater. This speech had little effect on 1964 presidential election. 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For this reason, everyone in the U.S., including the government, must find a proper model that can guide America in the right direction. ThereRead MorePresidential Candidates : A Presidential Candidate Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesA presidential candidate is very similar to an actor. They both perform through employing various strategies around their body language, tone, and diction to grab the attention of the audience or voters. Their performance creates an impression on the viewer, which for the candidate, is very critical to his election outcome. Therefore, candidates prepare for every debate and public appearance to create a certain impression to try and entice the voters. However, when a candidate prepares for a debateRead MorePolitical Parties Are Helpful, Or Even Healthy 1692 Words   |  7 Pages For over 200 years people have argued about whether or not political parties are helpful, or even healthy. In 1879 during his farewell address the first president of the united states of American George Washington warned that†¦.† The common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it†. Even with all the controversy that surrounds, the American two-party- system hasn’t faulted, from challenges of thirdRead MoreThe Ideal President1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ideal President We as humans tend to look for a leader to guide us. This leader has been present since the beginnings of time in the form of a dominating male. Times change and we no longer look for a dominating male, but for someone that can help us meet our needs and necessities. We no longer look at physical strength or dexterity to choose our leader; we look at their values and mental capacity. We look for a leader that has integrity, intelligence, morality, courage, competence, conviction

09 Marriage And Kinship 1 - 2464 Words

Marriage, Family, And Residence†¨ : What Are The Possibilities? Introducing Cultural Anthropology, Roberta Edwards Lenkeit (Chapter 7)  © Plush Studios/Blend Images/Getty Images MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND RESIDENCE: WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES? Note that the scarves of the bride and groom are tied together. This joining of scarves symbolizes their eternal bond in this traditional Hindu wedding.  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND RESIDENCE: WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES? Diagramming Kingship Marriage Rules Marriage Forms and Functions Mate Choice and Marriage Finance Family Residence Patterns Summary  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved DIAGRAMMING KINSHIP Kinship diagrams are a†¦show more content†¦but, It is not the most preferred: Monogamy is the ideal and preferred form of marriage in only 81 cultures out of a sample 400cultures. (1967 survey) As a result of divorce or death, many individuals in monogamous societies will be in a series of monogamous marriages over the course of their lives. (This is sometimes referred to as a serial monogamy) POLYGAMY Polygamy means multiple spouses and does not distinguish between these two marriage types.†¨  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved Polygamy refers to marriage in which there is more than one spouse(poly means many, and gamy means marriage), It is a word that the media use, but it is a poor choice because it does not indicate wether there are many husbands or many wives. Polygyny is a marriage of one man to two or more women. Polyandry is a marriage of one woman to two or more men.  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, all rights reserved polygyny - Cross cultural research indicates that this is the preferred form of marriage in 314 cultures out of 400(79%). This research surveyed societies with populations numbering in the millions as well as those with populations of fewer than 100, so keep in mind that the percentage of cultures practicing a custom is not the same as the number of people worldwide who practice the custom. many societies have cultural rules that permit marrying multiple partners, but, economic realities often interfere with a man’s ability to have multipleShow MoreRelatedGrowth And Performance Of MSME In A Comparative Study1668 Words   |  7 Pagesand Assam respectively, are dependent on each other for its everyday economic and social activity. The later district has more positive growth of MSMEs with far more better performance. Key Words: Growth, Performance, Development, MSMEs, Employment. 1. INTRODUCTION: The growth in an economy can be defined as increase in real per-capita income which means income per head of an economy for a given period of time. 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Aggression and aggressive behaviour Free Essays

Aggression can be found across civilizations and gender. Aggressive behavior is either to injure another, to derive something for the attacker, or to ensue in both hurt and immaterial additions ( Zirpoli, 2008 ) . It is normally assumed that work forces are more aggressive than female. We will write a custom essay sample on Aggression and aggressive behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now As it can observed in our day-to-day life, the inclination for work forces ‘s engagement in competitory athleticss such as utmost games, the military, and the unsafe work is far higher than adult females. We know that aggression is an emotional energy. Both male and female need a certain degree of aggression in their working or analyzing life to accomplish their ends. When adult females and work forces work together in a squad, work forces frequently are more aggressive and dominate mixed-gender squads. For illustration, a company manager place is normally denominated by work forces. It should observe that there are besides adult females taking a company but the proportion is non that high comparison to work forces. On the other manus, adult females are less prone to self-assertion and more prone to compromise. They are more likely to work towards keeping relationships among team members every bit good as advocator for group harmoniousness. This may propose that male has a high emotional intelligence to move sharply in prosecuting their ends. Harmonizing to our study, findings show that male is more aggressive. For illustration, for the inquiry of â€Å" Male or female are more aggressive? â€Å" , one of the replies suggests that male is more aggressive for the ground that they have their natural inherent aptitude in them called self-importance which sometimes causes them to be more competitory. However, we besides found the contradiction during the interview subdivision with Ms. Alice. Harmonizing to her, adult females can be aggressive and it may be chiefly based on their civilization, household background. If a adult female were populating under tough environment, they can be aggressive than a adult male who is populating in comfort zone. She will endeavor really hard in their work to purse for a better life in their hereafter. Zirpoli, T.J. ( 2008 ) . Modeled aggressive behaviour. Education.com. An Education A ; Child Development Site for Parents. Parenting A ; Educational Resource. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.education.com/reference/article/aggressive-behavior/ Life anticipation â€Å" Life anticipation is an mean figure of old ages that a individual can anticipate to populate in â€Å" full wellness † by taking into history old ages lived in less than full wellness due to disease and/or hurt † ( â€Å" Healthy life, † n.d. ) . Life anticipation can fall due to many factors such as disease, accident, war, dearth and so on. On the contrary, betterment in lifestyle, wellness and public assistance can increase life anticipation. Historical information shows that females have lived longer than males in virtually every state in the universe. Harmonizing to Rosenberg ( 2010 ) , presently the universe broad life anticipation for female life is 66 old ages but for male is 62.7 old ages, a difference of more than 3 old ages. Life anticipation can be affected by emphasis through unhealthy effects of emphasis on human organic structure over the long-run. A research done by Katyal and Awasthi ( 2005 ) found that females tend to hold higher emotional intelligence than males. The possible grounds might be due to the fact that females be given to be more emotional and confidant in relationship as compared to males, so their emotional intelligence ought to be higher than that of females. This suggests that female is more intelligence in stress direction. For illustration, females are likely to shout out and talk out whenever they encounter trouble as a manner to live over their emphasis. Males, on the other manus, are more likely to maintain it soundless under nerve-racking status which severely affects long-run wellness. Furthermore, life styles can convey a profound consequence on life anticipation every bit good. Our determination shows that bulk of the respondents pointed out that females tend to hold a better life style comparison to males. It can be seen that the degree of intelligence in pull offing lifestyle varies among gender. Females are more intelligence in commanding their behavior to avoid holding unhealthy eating manner comparison to male. Besides, male and female have different emphasis let go ofing techniques in their unrecorded. Males tend to let go of emphasis through fume or intoxicant while females are tend to make shopping or yoga as a manner to let go of emphasis. As a consequence, we can reason that females are more intelligence in pull offing a better life style comparison to work forces and it is one of the of import grounds result in longer life span. Healthy life anticipation ( HALE ) at birth ( old ages ) . ( n.d. ) . World Health Organization. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007HALE0/en/ Rosenberg, M. ( 2010, June 14 ) . Life Expectancy – Overview of Life Expectancy. Geography Home Page – Geography at About.com. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm Katyal, S. and Awasthi, E. ( 2005 ) . Gender differences in emotional intelligence among striplings of Chandigarh. Department of Child Development, Govt. Home Science College, India. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from hypertext transfer protocol: // hypertext transfer protocol: //www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-2-085-160-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-17-0-000-000-2005-Web/JHE-17-2-085-160-2005-Abst-PDF/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S/JHE-17-2-153-155-2005-1208-Katyal-S.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B7MDM-4KFM64T-4 A ; _user=10 A ; _coverDate=06 % 2F30 % 2F2006 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=search A ; _origin=search A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1649821836 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000050221 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=10 A ; md5=e2370864200f8f04fc8c3b56c4b95191 A ; searchtype=a hypertext transfer protocol: //www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/10.01/WhyWomenLiveLon.html hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/lifeexpectancy.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3979/is_200004/ai_n8881189/pg_2/ ? tag=content ; col1 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Why-Males-More-Aggressive-Than-Females/83875 hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3538/is_n4_v46/ai_n28676715/ ? tag=content ; col1 If adult females act chiefly in such conventional footing and keep backing input to continue relationships, the squad may non be able to accomplish the coveted consequences. Aggression is applied to all worlds without dividing male from female. The aim for this inquiry is to happen out whether male or female is more intelligence in endeavoring for accomplishment. In general, gender differences in behavior have been argued with the premise that males are more aggressive than females. â€Å" Aggression is the biological footing of all energy generated to prosecute any end † How to cite Aggression and aggressive behaviour, Essay examples

Theory of planned behaviour

Definition The theory of planned behaviour states that individuals’ behaviours are determined by their intentions which in turn are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms and perception of control over behaviour (Contento, 2010). Intention refers to the extent to which someone is ready to engage in certain behaviour. It refers to the likelihood that someone will engage in certain behaviour.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of planned behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the theory of planned behaviour is based on the concept that people are likely to do something if they plan to do it than if they do not. This means that intention is a key determinant on whether a certain action will be carried out. Therefore, people are certainly not likely to engage in a certain behaviour if they do not intend to. However, intention is influenced by attitudes, social norms and perceived behaviou r control (Edberg, 2009). Attitudes Attitudes are developed from a series of beliefs and they determine the value placed on the outcome of a given behaviour (Shaw, Gorely Corban, 2005). A person’s behaviour will be favourable if he or she perceives the outcome of certain behaviour to be positive, desirable, beneficial or advantageous. Conversely, unfavourable attitude refers to a case whereby, an individual perceives the outcome to be unpleasant. Hence, he or she is less likely to engage in that behaviour. For example, if a person believes that taking a lot of water will make him healthier then he is more likely to drink a lot of water (Ajzen, 2005). However, if the same person believes that taking a lot of water will make him lose his or her body shape, which he or she values, then he is less likely to take more water (Armitage Christian, 2004). Subjective Norms Apart from attitude intention is also influenced by subjective norms. Subjective norm refers to a social pressur e to engage or not to engage in a certain behaviour and is determined by normative beliefs (Wilson Kolander, 2010). Therefore, subjective norms refer to those behaviours that we perceive that the important people in our lives expect from us. The important people are those that we esteem highly who are our family members, religious leaders, healthcare providers, or friends and peers. Therefore, the subjective norms are as a result of our perceptions of the behaviours these people expect from us, and our desire to comply with the perceived expectations (Arnold, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, a first-time mother is likely to feed her child only on breast milk for a longer period if her mother and the doctors emphasize it to her. However, she is likely to breastfeed her child for a short period if these people are not concerned. (Hayden, 2009). Perceived b ehaviour control The intention to do something is determined by the extent to which he or she can control that behaviour. The theory of planned behaviour is based on volitional control of behaviour whereby a person is able to decide at will to engage or not to engage in certain behaviour. For instance, a person decides whether to take lunch or not at will (Fishbein, Ajzen Hornik 2007). However, there are times when an individual cannot control the behaviour although he or she has a high intention to engage in that behaviour. Therefore, a person is less likely to engage in a behaviour if he or she has less control over the behaviour. Conversely, the same person has a high likelihood in a certain behaviour if he or she perceives or actually has a high control over the behaviour (Glanz, Rimer Viswanath, 2008). List of references Ajzen I. (2005). Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International. Armitage, C. J. and Christian A. (2004). Planned behaviour: the relationship between human thought and action. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Arnold V. (2010). Advances in Accounting in Behavioural Research. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Contento, I. R. (2010). Nutrition Education: Linking Research, Theory, and Practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theory of planned behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Edberg, M. C. (2009). Essential readings in health behaviour: theory and practice. London: Jones Bartlett Learning. Fishbein M., Ajzen I. and Hornik R. (2007). Prediction and change of health behaviour: applying the reasoned action approach. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge. Glanz K., Rimer, B. K. and Viswanath K. (2008). Health Behaviour and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. John Wiley and Sons. Hayden J. (2009). Introduction to health behaviour theory. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Shaw D., Gorel y T. and Corban R. (2005). Instant notes in sport and exercise psychology. New York, NY: Garland Science. Wilson R. and Kolander, C. A. (2010). Drug Abuse Prevention: A School and Community Partnership. Sudbury, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. This essay on Theory of planned behaviour was written and submitted by user Giselle Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Japan vs. US economy essays

Japan vs. US economy essays The primary purpose of the economic activity is to benefit consumer while maximizing wealth creation; while the distribution of that wealth is of secondary importance. 1. U.S economy is approaching Neoclassical model in which individuals are assumed to maximize their own private interest, and business enterprise are expected to maximize profits which result in a powerful proconsumption bias and insensitivity to the social welfare impact of economic activities. - market are competitive and competition should be promoted through antitrust and other policies. - almost any economic activity is permitted - economy is open to the outside world 2. US economy also considered as a system of managerial capitalism. The economy was transformed from a proprietary capitalism to one dominated by large oligopolistic corporations. 1. Authority over the economy is alienated among the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the federal government and between the federal government and the fifty states for example the responsibility of financial system is shared by the Treasury, the federal reserve and several other powerful and independent federal agencies which strongly affected by actions of the legislative and judicial branches of the government. In addition, the fifty states contest the authority of the federal government over economic policy and implement important policies of their own. 2. Another influence of the American state in the economy is the tension between private and public sector. Not only does the adversarial relationship between gov. and business in the US make cooperation very difficult, but their mutual suspicions are reflected in American politics. Whereas political conservative reject any strong role for the state in the economy, political liberals are fearful that private business interest will capture government program in order to feather their own nest, which consequently will produce po ...

What to Do If You Lose a Scholarship

What to Do If You Lose a Scholarship Although you might have imagined it differently, college life tends to have some rather dramatic ups and downs. Sometimes things go great; sometimes they dont. When you have major, unexpected financial changes during your time in school, for example, the rest of your college experience can be affected. Losing part of your financial aid can, in fact, be a bit of a crisis. Knowing what to do if you lose a scholarship and enacting a plan of action can be critical in making sure that a bad situation doesnt turn into a devastating one. Step 1: Make Sure You Lost It for Legitimate Reasons If your scholarship depending on your being a biology major but youve decided to switch to English, losing your scholarship is probably justified. Not all situations are so clear-cut, however. If your scholarship is contingent on your maintaining a certain GPA, and you believe you have maintained that GPA, make sure that everyone has accurate information before you panic. The people awarding your scholarship may not have received the paperwork they needed in time or your transcript could have an error in it. Losing a scholarship is a big deal. Before you start putting the effort in to remedy your situation, make sure youre really in the situation you think are. Step 2: Figure out How Much Money You No Longer Have Access To You may not be completely clear on how much your scholarship was worth. Say you have a $500 scholarship from a non-profit back in your hometown. Is that $500/year? A semester? A quarter? Get the details on what youve lost so that you can know just how much youll need to replace. Step 3: Make Sure Your Other Monies Aren't Also in Jeopardy If youve lost eligibility for one scholarship because of your academic performance or because youre on disciplinary probation, your other scholarships might be in jeopardy, too. It cant hurt to make sure that the rest of your financial aid is secure, especially before talking to someone in the financial aid office (see the next step). You dont want to have to keep going in for appointments every time you realize something you should have known about already. If youve changed majors, had a bad academic performance, or otherwise had something happen (or have done something) that can negatively affect your financial aid and scholarships, make sure youre clear on the entire picture. Step 4: Make an Appointment With the Financial Aid Office You wont have a clear picture of how losing your scholarship has an impact on your financial aid package unless you meet with a financial aid staff member and go over the details. Its okay to not know what will happen during the meeting, but you should be prepared to know why you lost the scholarship, how much it was worth, and how much youll need to replace it. Your financial aid officer can help you identify additional resources as well as possibly revise your overall package. Be ready to explain why you are no longer eligible for the scholarship money and what you plan on doing to try to make the deficit up. And be open to any and all suggestions the financial aid staff has for helping you make that happen. Step Five: Hustle Although it can happen, its unlikely that the money will magically be fully replaced by your financial aid office which means that its up to you to find other sources. Ask your financial aid office about scholarship resources they recommend, and get to work. Look online; look in your hometown community; look on campus; look in your religious, political, and other communities; look anywhere you need to. Although it seems like a lot of work to find a replacement scholarship, whatever effort you put forth now will definitely be less work than it will take for you to drop out of college and try to return at a later date. Prioritize yourself and your education. Put your smart brain to work and do everything and anything you need to in an effort to invest in yourself and your degree. Will it be hard? Yes. But it and you are worth it.

The East India Decline in year 1833 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The East India Decline in year 1833 - Essay Example This paper accounts for the decline of the East India Company in light of the political and commercial influences occurring in the Year 1833. It considers the fall in the East India Company with specific concern Charter Act 1833 It considers the fall in the East India Company with specific concern Charter Act 1833. The East India Decline in year 1833: Â § Introduction The East India Company was perhaps among the most powerful commercial organization that the world had ever witnessed. In its heyday it not only had monopoly on British trade with Far East and India but it was even responsible for the government of already vast Indian sub-continent. All of these factors meant that the British East India Company marked a greater historical event. The East India Company came into being in 1600 before collapsing completely in 1858 this was the phase when the Company was taken over under the direct control of Great British government. There are a number of reasons that contributed towards t he decline of the Company and eventually it being taken over. The decline of this megalomaniacal commercial entity was already destined by its own actions as far back as the mid-eighteenth century These include the short term factors such as the Indian Sepoy Mutiny as well as the other long term factors such as the internal mal administration of the Company (which had taken birth earlier than 1833), the ever increasing power of British government and to some lesser extent this can even be attributed to the change in public opinion over time. Charter Act 1833 Reform Act The period that had followed the enactment of the great Charter Act of 1833 witnessed very great change in England. (The Richest East India Merchant: The Life and Business of John Palmer of Calcutta, 1767-1836.) The industrial revolution had actually a greater impact in England. In the year 1830, the time when the Whigs came into super power in the wider political scenario of England, this opened a way of the triumph for the liberal principles. Consequently, the Reform Act was passed in the annual year 1832. (Reform Bill actually came into being by Parliament in June 1832. The Bill actually was directed against the political monopoly of the financial aristocracy and landed gave representatives of such industrial bourgeoisie access to the Parliament. However, the proletariat and petty bourgeoisie, the main forces towards the struggle for the reform had gained no electoral rights. ) The Reform Act with that the concepts of laissez faire and the rights of men were then duly emphasized. Introduction of Laissez Faire Laissez faire is a kind of style that is positive only in condition where the workers are very responsible and in the case of creative jobs where any person is thereby guided by his own aspirations. In such cases, less direction would be required so this style could have acted better. This was the kind of style where most people don't like someone looking over their shoulder of responsib ility, in that manner laissez faire style would promote a sense of trust in the workers. This style has more disadvantages this is due to the view that it is imposed as the lack of interest of the leader that leads to him being adopting this style. It just proves that there is an ineffective or poor management which makes the workers lose their sense of direction, purpose and focus. The disinterest of the leadership and management causes the workers to become less interested in their work and their dissatisfaction even increases. A laissez faire management might makes it easier for workers to do substandard job or to slack it off entirely but that usually cause a very high visibility problem to bring such workers to a lighter situation. Laissez faire, or a sort of hands off style of the governing, can lead to lots of corruption and anarchy. Many

Health Care Providers in Different Religions Essay

Health Care Providers in Different Religions - Essay Example In many cases however, one does encounter a variety of different faiths when seeking out health care. In Christianity there are seven aspects of providing health care to patients. All of these are tied to religion and the Holy Bible and its sayings. The first is a moral code of conduct and justification that will guide health care providers to tend to patients in a manner that is in alignment with religion. Such as the fact that they cannot present life threatening drugs or force people to take a drug that may cause death. At the same time, women cannot be advised of abortion etc. Secondly the doctor patient relationship needs to be built on the element of trust; the patient is entitled to receive all the information regarding treatment, health care and any aspect of a procedure that they have to undergo. Even though the provider is the true healer and is believed to be so by the patient as well, all sides of the story is a duty of the doctor to the patient. Thirdly, patients are aut onomous, that is, they are allowed to make any decision they want to, after being presented all the facts of the situation. At the same time, health care providers have to act like good citizens, taking it on their conscience to care for the patient and heal them; and not just go through with this procedure in a mechanical fashion, but to be caring and loving and compassionate towards the patient. God will only show mercy to him who showed mercy on his creation, and so providers need to offer not just treatment but compassion and mercy to patients, praying for their well-being and taking it as a duty as God’s servants to take care of his creation. At the same time there is the concept of non-maleficence in Christianity; which essentially translates into â€Å"never harm anyone.† According to this principle, health care providers need to be such that they give the right kind of prescription to the right patient and they need to assess whether a particular treatment woul d harm or benefit the patient in question. Christianity also believes in the principle of justice. Therefore patients are all to be treated equally and fairly, and treated till depth of the provider’s ability as that is their right as not just patients of the doctor, but also as human beings. He is also to provide access to the patients to health care if he himself cannot suffice. Lastly, it is believed that one, no matter what profession he follows, must have a character of integrity and virtue, so that no matter who he is dealing with, he will uphold his virtuous character and refer to the Bible and never wander from what it deems to be right and wrong. (Benedict M. Ashley, 2006) It is the general view, that all the principles aforementioned should be followed, whether the person seeking treatment is a Christian or otherwise. Doctors need to be compassionate, caring, try their best to bring the proper and complete treatment to their patients, while at the same time, upholdi ng the ethics of their profession, that is, anything that can cause harm to their patients is supposed to be out of the question. However, some cultures and religions have different aspects or an addition to the aforementioned principles. Buddhism originated through the concept of suffering, the state of the soul being in trouble rather than the body being in any agony. The Buddhists believe in both technique and discipline, and those principles along with the eight fold path determine all other aspects of life even health care. The eight fold path includes right speech, right view, right

Lack Of Products Differentiation Or Narrow Product Line Marketing Essay

Lack Of Products Differentiation Or Narrow Product Line Marketing Essay This senior paper report examines the Harley-Davidson (H-D) phenomenon. From near bankruptcy to double-digit growth every year, H-D has something working for them. That something is calledstrategic planning and development. With the growing global economy, companies are looking for ways to improve their market share. Many excellent firms have learned how to beat their competitors through then implementation of new management, marketing, and/or manufacturing techniques (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson). H-D is one of those excellent companies whom have challenged traditional ideas. This report will identify those strategies that have worked and brought the company and its shareholders success each year. Today, Harley-Davidson Inc., an employer of 8,100 workers, consists of H-D Motor Company based in Milwaukee and Eaglemark Financial Services Inc. based in Chicago, Illinois. These are strategic business units are they are managed separately based on the fundamental differences in their operations, products and services. In addition, there are nearly 1,500 dealerships worldwide. Harleys commitment toward continuous improvement is exemplified in their financial statements. II. Vision, Mission of Harley Davidson H-D has realized since the 80s an impressive marketing strategy was giving H-D a brand name that more recognized than any other company. Indeed, the strategy was not to focus on reducing the costs, or on the distribution improvement, but the main element was to create customer value. In other words, H-Ds will was to give more credibility, trust, safety, desires, quality of product and service, and thus fidelity to its brand. In order to reach that goal, H-D centralized its marketing on these topics, for example creating a Harley Owners Group who rallies more than 900,000 members worldwide (www.harley-davidson.com). The main interest of this group is to ensure members to know each other, and become a second family who share the same interests, wills, and thoughts. This strategy also ensures H-D to maintain a strong relationship with its customers, and thus a strong brand name all over the world. According to customers, the owners of H-D say that this brand understands them and their n eeds, and also that they are always there if a problem appears. These remarks can be linked with H-Ds values. According to H-D Our values are the heart of how we run our business. They guide our actions and serve as the framework for the decisions and contributions our employees make at every Respect the Individual, and Encourage Intellectual Curiosity (www.harleydavidson.com). This strategy can also be linked with the mission statement of H-D: We fulfill dreams through the experience of motorcycling by providing to motorcyclists and to the general public an expanding line of motorcycles and branded products and services in selected market segments (www.harleydavidson.com). In order to be successful, organizations must determine clear financial and strategic objectives. (Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson) H-D focused on gaining a greater market share, achieving higher product quality than rivals, maintaining a stronger reputation and a better branding strategy than its competitors, increasing levels of customer satisfaction and finally attaining stronger customer loyalty. In the 60s and 70s Harleys strategic intent was based on going shoulder-to-shoulder against the predominantly Japanese companies. Harley could not compete on the price level, and the Japanese products were of superior quality, Harley decided to compete in other areas. Their new strategy was to connect with people on an emotional level. They are not selling a product but a way of life, a way of thinking. Harley changed its strategy from selling products to selling community (Mitchell). And the fact that H-D has developed a Brand stretching strategy can also be an element of Harleys success in developing relationships with customers. Indeed, owners can buy other Harleys products than bikes; it means that they can be more than a biker, they can join Harleys group buying leather accessories or clothes, and even cosmetics. III. Industry/External Analysis Porters Five Forces Analysis Threat of New Entry: Low Requiring high capital investment to enter the business because of the scale economies in production, research, marketing and service of this industry is high. Brand Identification of Harley Davidson has been strongly established for years. The entrants will face a big barrier to overcome customer loyalty of Harley. Harley has developed its limited distribution channels via licensed private dealer and distributor. The new entrant of this industry most probably has to create its own distribution channel and make another investment which causes a barrier to entry this industry become high. Powerful Buyers: Low The product is targeted to individual buyer rather than large-volume buyer therefore buyers will have only small power to force the price down. The product is differentiated or targeted for niche market therefore the buyer will not easily find the alternative product. Harley also produces parts and accessories as proprietary components for their bikes which are not produced by other company. There is quite a small number of this industry in the same market. Since the product is differentiated, the customer tends not to price sensitive. Substitute Products: High Customers taste is shifted into Japanese motorbike. Products with the sophisticated features, high quality and new design have been available in the market to adopt the trend-shifting. Other means of transportation which are less season restrictive. Powerful Suppliers: Low The suppliers customer are not fragmented so they have a high bargaining power Switching cost of changing suppliers is not too high since it doesnt require to invest heavily to be a supplier. Competitive Rivalry: High Lack of products differentiation or narrow product line. Industry growth is slow, precipitating fights for market share that involve expansion minded members Exit barriers are high. Harley has a high loyalty to keep the business survive. The rivals, for example Honda, are diverse in strategies, origins and personalities to compete and continually run head-on into each other. Competitor Analysis/Strategic Issues There are four strategic issues that H-D has to face with. The most important is the European market where H-D has to increase its sales, then, linked with the first issue, there is a fierce competition with the Japanese firms such as Honda and Yamaha. The other issues are the womens market and the accessories which are in decline. Harley-Davidson is not very famous in Europe where Harleys market share of 650 cc plus motorcycle is less than 7% (6.6%), while in North America Harley-Davidson has a huge market share (46.4%), 21.3% for the Asian market. The main industry competitors are Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha, Kawasaki and BMW. Harley-Davidson is the market leader in the U.S. market with 46.4% market share (Woodyard). Their domestic position is quite secure however the rival companies are all aiming to increase their impact on the North American market. Honda remains the main competitor with a 20.2% market share in North America. Even though they trail behind Harley in the high profit market for heavy bikes, Honda sells more bikes worldwide than H-D. Honda provides a wider selection of products ranging from super sport bikes, cruisers, scooters and motor cross bikes. The popularity of cruiser bikes is increasing and last year the registrations for heavy weight motorcycles rose by 22%, but Harleys share fell from 50.2% in 1997 to 46.4% in 2002 (Woodyard). This means that companies like Honda are quite successful in taking customers away from Harley. Rival manufacturers such as Kawasaki or BMW have all made a serious attempt to establish them at the heart of Harleys market. The Japanese bikes were often considered to be sissy cycles by Harley lovers (Mitchell). This image is slowly changing and the Japanese companies are trying to out Harley the Harley models. Yamaha motor USA is starting to improve its position in its various markets. The U.S. sales have increased for 47% since 1998. Despite these successes, companies have had a tough time in creating an image for themselves particularly in the cruiser markets. Harley continues to dominate the U.S, market and is also the leader in the Asian/Pacific markets with 21.3% market share. So, compared with Honda, its main competitor, H-D is better in North America and in Asia-Pacific, but certainly not in Europe. There is not too much gap between all the competitors, especially between H-D and Honda (21.3% against 19.1%). But, this is totally different in Europe for Harley-Davidson who has only 6.6% of market share; this market is the most promising. Thats why Harley-Davidson has to focus especially its marketing in the European market in order to win market shares, and reduce the gap between its competitors. Moreover, Harley net revenue in Europe is the second behind the U.S. So, if Harley succeeds in increasing its market share in Europe, its net revenue could be in high growth. Then, in order to fully understand its market, and in order to compete in a more serious way its competitors, H-D must identify the distinct segments that their competitors focus on and what distinctive product service benefits they offer. Hondas activities are forcing H-D into a niche market. The company is known for its flexibility and is progressively introducing bigger and better bikes. The Japanese manufacturer is starting to increase its competitive pressure by applying some of the strategies implemented by Harley. Honda is beginning to improve its relations with its customers and is also trying to build a sense of community among its customers. The Honda Rider Club of America is Hondas attempt to achieve the same sense of belonging Harley bikers have with their beloved brand (www.honda.com). The club allows customers to gain 24-hour emergency roadside services. The club also organizes a number of events and rallies for the Honda fans. Honda is also trying to create the next generation of loyal Honda bikers. Honda organizes a number of Motor-Cross Camps for young riders. Some of the main activities include riding courses races and riding trips and family activities, the main way to gain the loyalty of young biker s who will hopefully stay loyal to the brand, as they get older. These community-building strategies are proving to be extremely beneficial for the Japanese firm. The Honda new models such as the Shadow 750, the VTX 1300S are Hondas attempts to steal some of Harleys market share by recreating the Harley feel. Superior technology is the main strategy to achieve this goal. Yamaha is also trying to outperform Harley and is improving its mass customization skills. The Yamaha website offers a section that allows customers to design their own bike and choose the look and functionality they desire. The interface ensures customers to choose from 75 Yamaha accessory items and makes it easy for the customer to purchase the bike online. The Yamaha V Max model, the Drag Star, and the Road Star models attract customers with their slick design and technological tweaks (www.yamaha.com). The Yamaha sports models are also very successful and the company is still maintaining a strong position in worl d markets. European rivals are also trying to make an impact on this lucrative market. Italys Moto Guzzi recently introduced the V11 EV custom cruiser. BMW introduced 3 models of its R1200C cruiser and thanks to clever advertising is beginning to improve its position in the U.S. and Asian markets (www.bmw.com). According to the website, only 10% of the Harleys customers are females. But female bikers are more and more interested by bikes (www.moto-station.com). Yamaha and Kawasaki are trying to take advantage of this growing interest of female bikers and many of their ads feature women on motorcycles. Harley has already understood this new opportunity. Another key issue for the future is the problem of the accessories. Indeed, those products such as perfumes or cosmetics are decreasing a lot. So, Harley-Davidson should take a decision about this unsuccessful strategy of brand stretching. But, this strategy has a lot of success regards to the leatherwear and fashion area. According to me, Harley-Davidson should continue to improve this brand stretching and not leave the market of cosmetics and perfumes. V. Financial Assessment of Industry Harley Davidson Past Current Financial Performance Year 2003 $ 4.6 billion total revenue (up 13% from 02) $ 761 million net income (up 31% from 02) $650 million free cash flow (up 59% from 02) Repurchased 2.3 million shares of stock Return an average equity >20% 291,000 H-D units shipped (up 10% from02) 36% Gross Profit margin (up from 02) Gross profit margin 37.87% of revenue Year 2004 $5.0 billion total revenue (up 8.5% from03) $889 million net income (up 16.9% from 03) Repurchased 10.6 million shares of stock Return on average equity >25% 317,289 motorcycle units shipped (up 9% from 03) EPS 3.0 (20% increase form last year) (Hoovers Online) Trends Forecasts Pushed by an increase in female riders, wider age group, and the broadening appeal of motor scooters and other small, less-expensive two-wheelers, motorcycles sales rose 4.7% to top 1 million for the second-consecutive year (Woodyard). However a market slowdown is looming due to the weak dollar, costs of steel and other materials are rising; this will cause makers to rises prices or take a hit on profits. Currently all segments in the market are increasing, however scooters and classically styled so-called cruiser bikes are of the most heavily increasing and popular segments (Woodyard). Business Models of Firms in the Motorcycle Industry Firms in the motorcycle industry operate in two modes of the business model; Just-In-Time and Built-To-Order. Companies such as Honda and Harley primary focus are on supplying motorcycles through licensed distributors and dealers. Smaller dealers focus on built-to-order where riders can customize performance and style designed to complement their style, size, and skill level. Profit Pools Harleys primary sources of profits come from the initial motorcycle sale, finance contracts, licensing agreements, product upgrades, and accessory goods. Based on this information we can conclude that Harley does a good job of extracting the most margins from its customer base. Key Financial Performance Metrics of Major Players * Market share figure in 2004 ( %) North America Market share 2004 (%) Harley Davidson 48.1 Honda 18.6 Suzuki 10.3 Yamaha 9.1 Kawasaki 7.1 BMW 2.8 Other 4.0 (WoodYard) Key Valuation Metrics of Major Players * Harley Davidson Financial Performance 2004 Market Cap 13,638.01 Earning Rate 20.3% Growth Rate 5.3% P/E 15.10 (Standard Poors NetAdvantage) *SP considers Harley-Davidson to have no competitors hence no competitor metrics are available. VI. Competitive Analysis Strengths Customer Loyalty and Following Very High Product Demand Profitable Product Line and Market Mix Highest Market Share for Motorcycles over 750cc in the United States Union contract that is beneficial to both the Firm and the Employees Significant opportunities in the growing worldwide motorcycle market A proven management team thats committed to build a beneficial relationship with all of the stakeholders for the long term Increased capacity with the construction of new plant and distribution center Increased Segmentation with the purchase of Buell Motorcycle Co. Weaknesses Inefficiency due to Large Production Level More Demand than Supply Lower Than expected Sales in Motor Clothes Lingering rebel biker image Opportunities Electronic commerce and communications Opportunities in the female market niche Threats Tariffs that might exist in other markets Imitation of Harleys products from other competitors. Loss of market share due to low production capacity VII. Market/Customer Harleys customers are not the metal bikers customers who used to be in the past. Indeed, Harley-Davidson attracts now more profession such as lawyers or doctors about 45 years with a medium income level. H-D has developed a brand stretching strategy can also be an element of Harleys success in developing relationships with customers. Indeed, owners can buy other Harleys products than bikes; it means that they can be more than a biker, they can join Harleys group buying leather accessories or clothes, and even cosmetics. Recent trends show there is an increase in the market segment to appeal to women. Roughly 10% of riders in the U.S. are women which offer potential for growth. Although motorcycles are sold internationally, 3 main geographic markets comprise the bulk of motorcycle sales North America, Asia, and Europe. The largest is the North American Market (USA and Canada account for about 60% of this market) accounting for 60% of worldwide motorcycle sales (Klein). With the baby generation aging, opportunities exist for the penetration of new markets. The Japanese market accounting for a great chunk of the Asian Market is an untapped one for foreign manufacturers. Government regulations and trade policies make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to enter though. Most Asians consider motorcycles as a basic means of transportation. Major target areas include China, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. The European Market is another market with great potentials since Europeans have a higher disposable income and enjoy a higher standard of living. Eastern Europe is not offering a good deal mainly because of its unstable political and economic environment. To succeed in these markets, firms are to modify products to meet local needs, provide after sales service, expand distribution networks, and create strong customer relationships (Klein). VIII. Internal Capabilities Issues Issues Exports in Europe are not that easy since the products are going to be acceptable to heavy tariffs, since they come from a country outside the European community. In the future a subsidiary in one of the European community countries would relax the tariffs. Also loss of market share due to low production capacity may also prohibit Harley from gaining potential new customers because of the extended waiting period. Management Depth Harley Davidson has a flexible management that encourages employee involvement by having an open door policy to allow employee to communicate and contribute his and her idea to senior management or CEO (Teerlink). Organization Issues With over 8000 salaried and unionized employees are the key competency to H-D success. Employees are considered as foundation of company success and are the engine to drive company to success, because employee involvement is strong culture in H-D where employees are empowered to take initiative to identify and solve problems. (Teerlink). Value Chain Marketing Advertising Harley Owner Group convoys free advertising Promotions at motorcycles rallies and improve dealer network to broaden appeals to new customers Not much spending on advertising Licensing brand/logo to more than 100 manufacturers thereby increasing exposure to customer Distributing newsletter and promote rallies Human resources Harley Davidson mechanics and dealership personnel were trained at Harley Davidson University. They took course in retail management, inventory control, merchandising, customer service, diagnostics, maintenance, engine service technique. Provide in -dealership courses through its web based distance learning program Service Demo ride in various location through all US Daily rental to decide whether they want to buy Providing training course for inexperienced riders in America, Europe and Asia (25 hour Riders Edge Program) contributed to company increased sales from female buyers (increased from 2% total sales before adapting to 9% in 2003). The company found that woman more likely to purchase after taking training course Financial service to make it more affordable Operations The companys expansion plan of its York and Pennsylvania plants expects to allow the company to increase production to 400,000 units by 2007. Distribution Through dealerships Showrooms offer a large assortment of clothing items and accessories in addition to new motorcycles Dealers are responsible for operating showrooms, stock parts and accessories. 161 dealers in Japan. 50 dealers and 3 distributors in Australia and New Zealand. 7 dealers in South East Asian and East market. Infrastructure Public listed company Quality system Strategy planning are not clear Core Competencies and Competitive Advantage Customer loyalty and brand image Valuable? Yes Rare? Yes Costly to imitate? Yes Non substitutable? Yes A core competence and a sustainable competitive advantage Large-displacement motorcycles Valuable? Yes Rare? Yes (for now) Costly to imitate? No Non substitutable? Yes Yields only a temporary competitive advantage VIIII. Strategies of Harley Davidson As stated earlier, strategic issues that H-D has faced is increased segmentation in the motorcycle industry causing them to shift focuses in their strategy. With the purchase of Buell Motorcycle Co. they have been successfully able to increase their market segmentation by offering high quality bikes at competitive price. This allowed H-D to have to opportunity to move from a differentiation strategy to a cost/differentiation strategy. Harley Davidsons use of the Cost/Differentiation as a Business Level Strategy has proven highly successful since they have been in business. They have always tried to differentiate themselves from everyone else in the motorcycle industry, by producing a brand image that many competitors have failed to recreate. Harley Davidson has two different companies built into one. The first of the two companies produces motorcycles at competitive prices against their competitors. Harley Davidson demands high standards of quality and efficiency and demand lower costs, which will add to a higher quality less expensive motorcycle. Harley Davidson has done extensive research to find out information about their average customer. Harley Davidson concluded that the average motorcycle consumer is a married, college educated, 38 year-old male earning $44,250 a year and his average income is increasing. Research also shows that females represent 10% of the new purchasers. The second company that Harley Davidson implemented is the Costume Vehicle Operations or CVO. This company specializes and customizes the motorcycles to suit the individual owner. Harley Davidson also offers genuine parts and accessories so Harley owners can customize their own motorcycles. The CVO tries to use the differentiation strategy to beat out its competitors. The customization of a motorcycle can prove to be very expensive and time consuming, but Harley Davidson knows that what good is a bike if you cannot show people who you really are. The customers are willing to wait an average of 1 year after placing their order to receive their customized motorcycle. Every other motorcycle manufacturer is trying to imitate Harley and their products. Harley has the top of the industry manufacturing process with large state of the art factories, and distribution, with many small and personalized, to market dealers, who sell their products. Harley Davidsons Corporate Level Strategy tends to favor the Related Diversification Strategy. Their two primary businesses are related to each other in some manner or another. The two divisions, CVO and the Competitive Price Division, are related by using the same suppliers. Although the two divisions serve two totally different responsibilities to the consumers, they are truly related in their strengths to differentiate themselves from all the other competition. Harley Davidson does not do much promotion at the corporate level. Primarily, the local dealers do their promotion. Harley Davidson uses many different types of strategies to help them become on of the most dominant motorcycle producers in the world. X. Assessment Analysis The Senior Paper has given an intuitive look into strategies at work and based on the analysis done it is reasonable to assume that H-D will be successful staying competitive. H-D implemented changes in the 90s to prepare for the future challenges and stay ahead of competition. They have targeted towards improving and expanding manufacturing and creating new products and services. Thus far, the strategies have been very successful and have built strong relationships with all their shareholders. H-D has found new ways to extract margins from its customer base through finance contracts, licensing agreements, product upgrades, and accessory goods. It has expanded it product line to the small and mid-size range with the purchase of Buell Motorcycle Co. They know who their customers are, and which markets they need to expand on. They also have happy unionized workers who share the same values as the management team. Most importantly through the decades, H-D motorcycles have had the ability to generate emotion. This emotion and loyal has never been duplicated by any company to date, and probably never will. If H-D continues to innovate there is not question that they continue to gain market share.

“Hedonism” By Jessica Shelby Essay

Oscar Wilde’sThe Picture of Dorian Gray is a prime example of hedonism, a movement in the late 1800’s that claims pleasure to be the prime goal in one’s life. The focus of the novel is the beauty of Dorian Gray, his self-destructive search for pleasure, and the corruption of both the lives he has encountered and his own soul. Beauty and pleasure are the focus of all characters and scenes depicted in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Wilde’s timeless novel vividly portrays the hedonism ideals as the theme of the Picture of Dorian Gray with its characters’ mentality, roles, and eventual demise. The hero of the novel, Dorian Gray, is introduced as an innocent, beautiful young boy until he-in a mad instant- prays that his beauty shall live on while his portrait bares the resemblance of his shame and disgrace. Basil Hallward, the painter of the doomed portrait, praises Dorian for his timeless beauty and innocence. Basil is obsessed with Dorian, and his pleasure is found with the ideal of Dorian that allows him to paint so elusively. The corruption of Dorian begins with Basil’s adoration, but it is lofted with Lord Henry’s hedonistic ideals and all around negative influence. Lord Henry teaches Dorian to cherish his youth and beauty, all the while filling Dorian’s mind with selfish ideals of pleasure and beauty. â€Å"I believe that if one man were to live out his life fully and completely, were to give form to every feeling, expression to every thought, reality to every dream- I believe that the world would gain such a fresh impulse of joy that we would†¦ return to Hellenic ideal- to something finer, richer, than the Hellenic ideal.† With musings such as this, Lord Henry begins his takeover of young Dorian’s mind, ideals, and eventually his soul. Dorian tries to redeem himself, but with a few words from Lord Henry, he is back in the pursuit of pleasure. For example, Dorian realizes his injustice to Sybil Vane and intends to apologize. Then, Lord Henry tells him of her death and makes it sound glorious- like the perfect ending to a delightful play.  Rather than dwelling in the death of a loved one, Dorian tosses the matter aside. Dorian develops in the novel. He begins lofty collections, but eventually bores of them. Then, Dorian searches for pleasure in religion; he even considers converting to Catholicism-not because of any interest in God, but because he fancies the customs. However, Dorian soon grows weary of that and begins to seek refuge with opium, experimentation, and the finding and destroying of romances. All of the lives that Dorian touches are blasphemies, banished, or buried. The women who have met Dorian cannot walk about shamelessly, because â€Å"Prince Charming†-as Sybil Vane christened young Dorian- has taught them shame, has disgraced them, and found pleasure with his shameless use of them. The men who have befriended Dorian either are banished from London, living in Opium dens like Adrian Singleton, or have taken their own lives like Alan Campbell. Meanwhile, Dorian remains gorgeous, but his picture grows hideous. Even in the growing bestial creature on the unfortunate canvas gives Dorian pleasure. Dorian is so pleased that he bares no shame; the thing behind the cloth that lives in the canvas is destined to that. Not Dorian, however, he can seek pleasure with no outward consequences. Not until Dorian-in, yet another fit of rage- stabs the portrait transferring all of his sins, shame, and corruption to his own flesh and blood and his once luminous beauty takes its place on the canvas. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, not only depicts the hedonistic ideals, but it also portrays why the movement cannot last in society. Yes, the novel is factual, and it is highly unlikely that a portrait will bare a man’s shame while he remains forever young. However, â€Å"sin is a thing that writes itself across a man’s face,† and if all of society was in pursuit of selfish pleasure, not only will there be no society, but those who did live such lives would be outcast. For example, all of those in the novel not as fortunate as Dorian to be forever innocent looking were banished from London, not able to show their face, or so ashamed that they resorted to taking their own lives. Oscar Wilde’sThe Picture of Dorian Gray is a prime example of hedonistic ideals because of the characters, their actions, and  demise.

Essay a Apply Texas Samples Secrets

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Utilitarianism and Animal Rights - 3174 Words

Animal Rights Throughout history morality has been a topic of intense debate. Innumerable thinkers have devoted immense amounts of time and energy to the formulation of various ethical theories intended to assist humans in their daily lives. These theories set out guidelines which help to determine the rightness or wrongness of any given action and can therefore illuminate which choice would be morally beneficial. And while many of these theories differ substantially, most have at least one common underlying principle, namely that humans deserve to be treated with a certain level of respect. This idea comes from the belief that all humans have interests which are significant enough to be considered, hence no one should impede another†¦show more content†¦It is strikingly obvious that both of these theories exhibit substantial differences in the way in which they determine morality. Utilitarians focus on pleasure and pain whereas Kant concentrates on absolute moral rules and human dignity . Yet how do these variations manifest themselves within the context of animal rights? I will first put forth the traditional Kantian argument regarding the status of animals. The Categorical Imperative makes a distinction between two types of individuals. Rational beings are referred to as persons while non-rational being are deemed things#. So while a rational being can never be used as a means, things exist almost solely for that purpose. From this point the implications concerning animals become clear. So far as animals are concerned, we have no direct duties. AnimalsÂ…are there merely as a means to an end. That end is man.# This viewpoint advanced by Kant is further expounded upon in his essay Our Duties to Animals. Here he explains that we have no direct duties to animals because they are not self-conscious, rational moral agents. Instead we have indirect duties to human beings in regards to animals. We should therefore not be cruel to animals because he who is cruel to an imals becomes hard also in his dealings with men.# According to Kant, we can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals.# Yet there are many difficultiesShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights And Utilitarianism1063 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Rights and Utilitarianism Peter Singer argues, in regard to animal rights, that equal beings with equal interests should be considered equally. Singer makes three claims about equality to support his position; equality is based on equal consideration, speciesism is unjustified, and the ability to feel pain makes one worthy of moral consideration. 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It follows the â€Å"Greatest Happiness Principle† which is, â€Å"The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Mill 239). Utilitarianists’ most vast idea is creating the greatest happiness for